TNF and Hypertension: Circulating levels of harmful proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) trigger to the development of hypertension and renal and cardiovascular disorders in humans (Testa et al., 1996; Vanderheyden et al., 2005).