TNF and Cognitive impairment: SDB can induce a local and systemic inflammatory response, leading to the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (9, 10), such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which could increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier and lead to neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration with a consequent cognitive impairment (11–14).