Monoclonal antibody therapeutics are the most successful and widespread affinity proteins for different life science applications due to their high sensitivity and specificity to any given target (Berger et al., 2002), especially in recent years, anti- programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors can provide overall survival benefits over conventional therapies for treatment of advanced or metastatic cancers (Sun et al., 2020). Here, PDCD1 is linked to metastatic malignant neoplasm.