EPCAM and hepatocellular carcinoma: Therefore, this study focuses on the innovation of materials application methodology, and focuses on the combined application value of EpCAM-modified LMS (Ep-LMS)/vimentin-modified LMS (Vi-LMS)/GPC3-modified LMS (GPC3-LMS), a novel clinically feasible combined detection strategy was developed to monitor HCC progression and guide immunotherapy application.