In our study, a total of 90 plasma samples, including 45 (15 TCF, 15 PCa, and 15 CRPC) in the discovery set and 45 (12 TCF, 17 PCa, and 16 CRPC) in the validation set, were recruited to identify exosomal protein markers, of which 52 samples (18 TFC, 21 PCa, and 13 CRPC) were recruited to identify exosomal metabolic biomarkers (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene HNF4A and posterior cortical atrophy.