NLR ≥ 5 was independently associated with the development of postoperative AKI (OR 1.42, 1.24- 1.73; P < 0.001) and mortality (OR 2.03, 1.63- 2.52; P < 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounding factors (sex; age; anesthesia duration; ASA PS; emergency surgery; general anesthesia; comorbid diseases: hypertension, transplanted organ, liver disease; γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; surgical subspecialty; urine output (ml/kg/h); duration of MAP < 50 mmHg; Hemoglobin (HB); albumin) (Table 2, model 1). Here, ALB is linked to liver disorder.