TNF and Parkinson disease: Thus, we tested the downregulation of CPT1 and CPT1A in PD-mimicking mice and found that P479L+R (Fig. 3), Wt+R+E (Fig. 3), PARK2+R (Fig. 6) and PARK2+R+E (Fig. 8) mice had significantly lower expression of reactive microglia/macrophage markers (Iba1, Cd68) and decreased inflammation in the midbrain based on TNF-α levels (Figs. 3, 4, 6 and 8).