Future studies should extend the investigation into the use of individual mindfulness techniques (i.e. cultivating mindfulness via meditation vs yoga), and to further examine their therapeutic value and underlying mediating mechanisms among PD patients, preferably using both subjective (i.e. validated patient-reported outcomes such as HADS) and objective outcome measures related to stress and inflammatory responses (i.e. cortisol, IL-6 and TNF-α)25. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.