Peluso et al. found that, in the backdrop of similar humoral responses compared to HIV-uninfected individuals, cART-treated PLWH recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection display high expression of the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1 on SARS-CoV-2–specific memory CD4 + T-cells and low frequencies of specific CD8 + T-cells, suggesting that they may have impaired T-cell functionality upon reencountering infection [39•]. Here, CD4 is linked to infection.