A more recent study showed that individuals with unsuppressed HIV infection mount weak antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and poorly recognize SARS-CoV-2 beta variant, due to HIV-induced immune defects such as low CD4 + T-cell counts, high HIV plasma viral loads, and elevated immune activation. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and HIV infectious disease.