IL2 and neoplasm: It has also been demonstrated that the use of cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3 L) as an adjuvant with a vaccine can protect mice against the expression of tumor antigens induced by HCV [147].