LIF and infection: Apart from the crucial role of neurons during RABV infection, our results indicate that astrocytes may also play an important role during infection: in our study, astrocytes strongly induce the transcription of cytokines and adaptor molecules (IFIH1, TLR7, IFNB1, CCL5, CXCL10, IL1B, and LIF) upon Tha and Th2P-4M infection in vitro (Figure 3A).