A number of studies have shown that both CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in increased patient survival for a wide variety of recalcitrant cancers such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer compared to conventional chemotherapies [91,92]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.