Moreover, EVs derived from TNF-α-preconditioned GMSCs greatly enhanced their therapeutic efficiency in reducing periodontal bone resorption and the number of osteoclasts in a mouse model of periodontitis, which was mediated by the upregulated miR-1260b within EVs targeting the Wnt5a-mediated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) pathway and inhibiting its osteoclastogenic activity [130]. Here, WNT5A is linked to periodontitis.