Reduction of those processes by natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit NF-κB and/or activate Nrf2 has been shown to decrease catabolic responses in vitro [8,42,43] and to reduce joint damage in vivo [44,45,46], suggesting that due to its effect on those transcription factors, (R)-(-)-carvone may also be effective for osteoarthritis treatment. The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is osteoarthritis.