VEGFA and neoplasm: Primarily, CAFs facilitate tumour macrophage infiltration, collagen production, interferon activation, along with the production of multiple cytokines and growth factors such as VEGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), C-X-C chemokine ligand 12, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) [18].