INS and Alzheimer disease: For example, the cinnamon aqueous extract may improve learning ability by enhancing insulin sensitivity and inhibiting cholinesterase activity in a non-transgenic Alzheimer’s disease rat model [13]; Ganoderma (Lingzhi) may help restore the memory and learning ability of an AD animal model by maintaining the structure and function of neurons [14]; Laminaria japonica can significantly reduce the oxidative stress level of cognitive deficit mice induced by amyloid β peptide (Aβ), reduce the expression of Tau protein and neuronal apoptosis [15].