TLR4 and infection: It has been proposed that TLR4-driven inflammation could play a dual role in cancer: whereas chronic inflammation (e.g., by low doses of LPS released in chronic infection or by endogenous DAMPs produced during infection or sterile inflammation) can facilitate tumor growth and progression [108,109,110,111,112,113,114], induced activation of the TLR4 axis improves antitumor responses and is associated with a positive prognosis, suppression of tumor growth, and reduction in cancer metastasis [115,116,117,118,119].