TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cytokines TNF-α, IL-17, CXCL1, and MIP2, as measured by ELISA, increased in CSE/LPS-induced COPD mice but were decreased significantly by incubation with SGE (50 and 100 mg/kg) (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001; Figure 4A–D).