TNF and colitis: The results showed that after the induction of colitis by DSS in mice, the animals showed an increase in ulceration, necrosis, and intestinal inflammation marked by cell infiltration, increased expression of TLR4, and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), MDA, nuclear NF-kB-p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), in addition to the reduction of antioxidant species (GSH).