TNF and colitis: After induction of colitis in rats, there was a drop in hemoglobin, colon, and elevation of DAI, cell destruction, and inflammation marked by cell infiltration, the elevation of MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ), TLR4, p-NF-kB, p-p38, Bax, caspase-9, in addition to a decrease in Bcl-2.