The included in vitro studies used many different cell models of IBD (such as RPMI 1640 treated Colon-26 cells, DMEM-treated Caco 2BBE, RAW 264.7 treated cells, LPS-treated human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) cells, TNF-α-stimulated human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) -induced C3H/HeN). Here, TNF is linked to colorectal carcinoma.