HCAR2 and inflammatory bowel disease: Chen et al. [119] found that sodium butyrate inhibits inflammation in a Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid (TNBS)-induced IBD mice model and maintains epithelium barrier integrity through activation of G protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and inhibition of the protein kinase B (Akt) and NF-kBp65 signaling pathways.