TNF and colitis: Hou et al. [49] showed that taxifolin, a natural antioxidant polyphenol with various bioactivities that is extracted from artichoke, onions, olive oil, grapes, milk thistle, citrus fruits and sorghum grain, could decrease NF-kB activation due to a reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression levels, elevated Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), IL-10 and SOD expression levels and decreased p-NF-kB-p65 and p-IkBα in DSS-induced model of colitis.