TNF and colitis: Chen et al. [56] used ginsenoside Rk3, a bioactive compound extracted from the roots of Panax notoginseng, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced colitis in obese mice, and observed decreased colon inflammation by reducing the expressions of MCP-1, F4/80, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2), IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, TLR4, TLR4/MYD88, JNK/phosphorylation JNK, IkBα, and NF-kB itself.