TNF and colitis: Colitis induced by DSS and TNBS caused a hemorrhage in the colonic lumen, weight loss, bloody diarrhea, hyperemia, necrosis, reduction of crypts and goblet cells and presence of inflammation marked by cell infiltration, increased MPO, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, CXCL1, MIP-2, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6), increase in expressions of nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible) (NOS2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), antigen KI-67 (Ki67), ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and increased phosphorylation of NF-kB-p65.