TNF and Obesity: Similar results were found in a rat model of high-fat-diet-induced obesity, in which treadmill exercise decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β and TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as inhibiting the TLR4 pathway (myeloid differentiation 88 and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1, IkBα, and NF-Κb) [103].