INS and Insulin resistance: The atherogenic parameters include histology of the blood vessels, particularly the thoracic aorta (localization of the foam cells and intima-media thickness), the vascular tissue inflammation marker (tumor necrosis factor-alpha: TNF-α; interleukins-1: IL-1, and IL-6), anthropometric measurement (body mass index and Lee’s index), serum insulin levels, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).