INS and hyperinsulinism: In analogy with another material that accomplished the effect of the controlled release of glucagon under the conditions of hyperinsulinemia [75], an aptamer or another ligand selectively binding insulin could be conjugated to glucagon and immobilized onto a polymer, so that, at a high insulin concentration in the medium, glucagon is released from the matrix through the competitive binding between free insulin and immobilized insulin, a concept similar in nature to the use of the transition between two manganese phases in this study to elicit the release of an insulin proxy.