VEGFA and chronic kidney disease: This study identified higher levels of MMP9, MCP-1, RANTES, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1, TNF-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), E-selectin, Fas, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin 2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and transforming growth factor beta and lower levels of urinary vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and platelet-derived growth factor in CKD [19].