PD-L1 (CD274) was expressed in both benign and malignant thyroid and lung cancer samples, as well as within the nasal epithelium (Percepta NS), upper airway (Percepta GSC), and ILD samples (Envisia), with higher expression in benign versus malignant lung cancer samples and in non-UIP versus UIP ILD samples (Figure 5A). Here, CD274 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.