The purpose of our review is to highlight the alterations in respiratory diseases affecting specific immunological elements, for example those involving some alarmins such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33, and the relationships between them and with genetic non-coding materials, which are unable to determine the production of proteins but can induce significant modifications in gene expression. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is respiratory system disorder.