These tumor-supportive functions have been associated with the activation of various signaling cascades known to play a role in cancer progression, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK1/2, and PI3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways [2,8,9]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and neoplasm.