CCN2 and alcohol dependence: Nevertheless, CCN2/CTGF can also be induced by other signaling pathways, working independently or simultaneously with TGF-β, which are involved in pathological conditions and might also be present in alcohol muscle damage, such as hypoxia (through HIF-1α) [104,105], lysophosphatidic acid [106,107,108], and YAP/TAZ signaling [109,110].