NRAS and melanoma: Mutations in NRAS, for example, use CRAF to activate the MAPK pathway in melanoma [111,112]. Activation of ERK regulates melanoma cell survival, proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and metastasis though phosphorylation and activation of nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) transcription factor [113], which further induces Snail, promoting a mesenchymal phenotype in epithelial cells [114] and in melanoma [115].