TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: This process features a disproportionate enzymatic reaction, generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and the secretion of the non-cytokine inflammatory molecules α defensins and calprotectin, attracting monocytes, T cells, and more neutrophils to the inflammation site and promoting the pathogenesis of IBD [68,69,70,71,72].