TNF and neoplasm: In fact, HFD-induced dysbiosis favors PMN development in the lung through the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) by M1-macrophages, which are able to promote tumor progression [113,114,115].