Lactoferrin protected from dopaminergic neuronal loss in a PD model induced with the neurotoxins MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) /MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), along with extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation, and decreased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 kinase [108]. Here, BDNF is linked to Parkinson disease.