Expression levels of stress/hypertrophy-associated genes, such as Myh7, Acta1, Mybpc2, Gja1, Capn3, Nppa and Myl7, in adult CMs from the T1DM and T2DM mice revealed a significant increase when compared to those of adult CMs from the CTRL mice (Figure 2C). Here, NPPA is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.