NFKB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: A previous study showed that IPA-3 was found to significantly inhibit the activation of PAK1, even in the presence of 1 mM concentrations of ATP [27]; and 20 to 40 μM IPA-3 treatment significantly inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells cultured in vitro, through suppressing the activation of PAK1 and subcellular translocation of nuclear factor light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [28].