BSG and hepatocellular carcinoma: After attaching CD147 monoclonal antibody (CD147 mAb) to the NPs, it was discovered that the antibody specificity allows it to bind to the CD147 protein (transmembrane glycoproteins that are highly expressed on the surface of epithelial tumor cells, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer), which is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2).