Although CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 play a similar role in inhibiting the immune response against tumor cells, their timing of activation in the immune phase differs; CTLA-4 performs immune response regulation as a checkpoint in the early stages of immunity and at the lymph nodes, whereas PD-1 acts during the late stage of the immune response. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.