TGF-β induces stabilization of HIFs under hypoxic and normoxic conditions by regulating biomarkers that regulate prolyhydroxylase-2 activity, namely glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, which is overexpressed in 93% of ccRCC [77], glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 like, which is significantly expressed at lower levels in ccRCC than normal renal tissue [78], fumarate hydratase [79], succinate dehydrogenase [80], and pVHL [81]. Here, GPD1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.