TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In a recent scoping review, the relationship of systemic low-grade inflammation found in several systemic diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease) to PO was explored; systemic proinflammatory cytokine levels such as interleukin IL1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and adhesion molecules were linked to prevalence and severity of PO [85]; CKD was not explored in this review.