The high content of BCAA can activate mTOR and its downstream effector S6K1 in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, and sustained activation leads to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, which inhibits IRS-1 and leads to insulin resistance (Figure 6a) [85]; mTORC activates anabolism (protein and fat biosynthesis) and inhibits autophagy. Here, IRS1 is linked to Insulin resistance.