Recently, BMP10 has been validated to activate two important intracellular signaling pathways, the SMAD-mediated canonical pathway and the STAT3-mediated noncanonical pathway [76], and induce the expression of multiple target genes key to embryonic cardiovascular morphogenesis and postnatal cardiovascular structural remodeling through the SMAD-binding sites in the promoters of target genes, including TBX20, NKX2.5, and MEF2C [80,84,85], three genes that have been causally linked to DCM [66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,86]. Here, MEF2C is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.