NRP1 and infection: Transmembrane receptor PGRP-LC acts as the principal receptor in initiation of the Imd pathway in systemic infection, or in the localized midgut response in the anterior section of the midgut in localized infection [36,37,38,39], which provides some insight as to its involvement in SINV-3 infection, as SINV-3 has been previously shown to replicate in the midgut of the fire ant [11].