In RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to COPD associated pathogens (Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-induced human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the enhanced TNF secretion was suppressed by phloretin (100 μM) [44]. Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.