In RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated pathogens (Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-induced human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the upregulated TNF secretion was suppressed by phloretin (100 μM) [44]. Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.