TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In order to overcome this limitation, the multicenter retrospective study of Axelrad et al. of 2016 [29] included 333 IBD patients, all with a previous history of cancer who were subsequently treated with immunosuppressants, including 22 antimetabolite (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.54–2.15), 7 anti-TNFα (HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.09–1.09), and 15 anti-metabolite + anti-TNFα (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54–2.15).