TGFA and von Hippel-Lindau disease: Indeed, in both sporadic (non-familial) and familial RCCs (e.g., VHL syndrome), the HIF transcription factors upregulate the expression of several growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], platelet derived growth factor [PDGF], and transforming growth factor-alpha [TGF-α]), inducing angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration, as well as the expression of numerous genes regulating glucose metabolism and oxygen transport and metabolism [5,8,9,10,11,12].