TLR2 and neoplasm: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia are the microbes most significantly associated with OSCC; P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum have been shown to promote tumor progression in mice, and in OSCC these bacteria increase toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 production, potentially contributing to disease progression [89].