Similar to bladder cancer, the cumulative lifetime risk, at 80 years of age, of developing hereditary UTUC is mutation-dependent, and strongly in favour of EPCAM/MSH2 germline variants (2.2–28%) compared to MSH6 and MLH-1 (0.2–5%) [29,35]. The gene discussed is MSH2; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.