HK1 and neoplasm: Of note, pancreatic cancer cells show substantially increased glycolysis, including the overexpression of glycolytic enzymes and increased lactate production caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, onco-driver genes, specific transcription factors, a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), stromal cells (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts [CAFs]), and tumor-associated macrophages [17,21,22,23,24].