In oral squamous cell carcinoma, exosomes carrying EBER-1 can induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) expression in monocyte-derived macrophages, with the help of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-dependent mechanisms via the RIG-I signaling pathway [98]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.