TNF and renal cell carcinoma: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the expression of inflammatory chemokines (i.e., CXCL9 and CXCL10) has been associated with RCC tumor growth, angiogenesis, and response to therapy [35,36,37].