PDCD1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, it has been reported that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can induce TLSs formation with an anti-tumor function in the TME [77], such as a post-treatment examination of tumor resections from 20 patients with NSCLC who were treated in phase II clinical trial of neoadjuvant nivolumab (anti-PD-1), which showed the occurrence of TLSs, while in the specimens of non-responsive patients’ TLSs de novo were either absent or rare [78].