CXCR4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, SDF-1 (known as CXCL12), are expressed in a variety of NSCLC and play important roles in the activation and immune suppression of CAFs; thus, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may be a target for immune intervention [114].