CAFs overexpressing immunoregulatory cytokines such as TGF-β and VEGF may play important roles in the induction of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) regulatory T cells (Tregs), and the coexistence of Tregs with CAFs correlate with poor outcomes for NSCLC [81]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.